149. New York :,Communism and its demise. Real socialism. Decline and fall of socialism. The demise of communism in Central Europe. The collapse of the Soviet Union -- Shock therapy vs. gradualism. The radical reform program : a big bang. Gradual reform programs. Rent seeking : the scourge of transition. Criticism of radical reform after the Russian financial crash -- Output : slump and recovery. Sharp decline in recorded output and varied recovery. Exaggeration of the slump. Radical reform : least decline and early recovery. Late reformers : surged after 1998 -- Liberalization : the creation of a market economy. Different strategies of deregulation. Liberalization of foreign trade. Labor market policy. Combat of monopoly : gas and coal. A big bang : vital in deregulation -- From hyperinflation to financial stability. Establishing national currencies. Radical fiscal adjustment was key. Tax policy : from social democratic to liberal. Monetary policy : from loose to strict. Exchange rates : currency board or free float. Dramas of financial stabilization -- Privatization : the establishment of private property rights. Differing aims of privatization. Small-scale privatization : if started, swiftly done. Large-scale privatization : the biggest headache. Privatization of land, real estate, and housing. New enterprise development : the ultimate success. Great achievements of privatization. Vital : speed and legitimacy of property rights -- An inefficient social system. Incomes : differentiation and poverty. Life and health. Education adjusting to demand. Social transfers and pension reform. Alternative social models -- Democracy vs authoritarianism. Democratic breakthrough : critical for successful transformation. An under-reform trap. Renewed democratization : colored revolutions. Parties, electoral rules, and constitutions. How to tame the leviathan : reform of the communist state. Public opinion and ideology. Democracy and democracy aid -- From crime toward law. An explosion of crime. Attempts at building a legal system. Corruption : the bane of transition -- The role of oligarchs. Who are the oligarchs? The economics of oligarchy. The politics of oligarchy. Complaints : a matter of ideology. A question of property rights. Putin's alternative : centralized dictatorship -- The role of international assistance. The dream of Europe. Western failure to act in the East. Trade policy : a gulf between the EU and the CIS. International assistance : insufficient but crucial -- Conclusions : a world transformed. Different models. Achievements and r

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کتابخانه: Library of Islamic Parliament (Tehran)

158. pt. I. Perspective : legislative role of the judge and human rights law. Legislative role of the judge : a vital force in the life of the law ; Relationship between human rights and international law : principle of human dignity versus principle of state sovereignty -- pt. II. The development of human rights law by the International Court of Justice : contentious cases. Corfu Channel case (United Kingdom v Albania) (1947-1949) ; South West Africa cases (Ethiopia v South Africa ; Liberia v South Africa) : violation of human rights law led to formation of human rights law (1960-1966) ; Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (new application : 1962) case (Belgium v Spain) (1962-70) ; United States diplomatic and consular staff in Tehran case (USA v Iran) (1979-1981) ; Military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua case (Nicaragua v USA) (1984-1991) ; East Timor case (Portugal v Australia) (1991-1994): human rights versus state sovereignty (1991-1994) ; Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide case (Bosnia and Herzegovia v Serbia Montenegro) (1993- ) : prohibition of genocide as jus cogens ; Legality of use of force cases (Yugoslavia v Belgium; Yugoslavia v Canada; Yugoslavia v France ; Yugoslavia v Germant ; Yugoslavia v Italy ; Yugoslavia v Netherlands ; Yugoslavia v Portugal ; Yugoslavia v Spain ; Yugoslavia v UK ; Yugoslavia v USA) (1999- ) ; Arrest warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Belgium) : an analysis of human dignity of the people, for the people, by the people (2000-2002) ; Vienna Convention on Consular Relations cases (1998-2004) : the Convention does create individual rights -- pt. III. The development of human rights law by the International Court of Justice : advisory cases. International status of South West Africa case (1949-1950) : the principle of sacred trust of civilization ; Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide case (1950-1951) ; Legal consequences for states of the continued presence of

پدیدآورنده :

کتابخانه: Library of Islamic Parliament (Tehran)